Cirugía de alargamiento y engrosamiento de pene. Técnica NEF: resultados en 750 pacientes / Penis enlargement and thickening surgery. NEF technique: results in 750 patients

Introducción y objetivo: La cirugía de alargamiento y engrosamiento de pene supone un reto técnico para el cirujano, puesto que las técnicas clásicas han demostrado resultados insuficientes para los pacientes. Nuestro objetivo es presentar nuestra experiencia con una técnica reproducible que permite evitar el empleo de extensores y las complicaciones de la infiltración de grasa. Material y método: Analizamos de forma retrospectiva 750 casos de alargamiento y engrosamiento de pene primarios realizados con la técnica NEF (No Extenders No Fat) - No Extensores No Grasa), analizando la técnica quirúrgica, sus resultados y complicaciones. Esta técnica se basa en la creación de un colgajo de avance cutáneo junto con un colgajo de fascia de Scarpa y un nanofat infiltrado en las fascias profundas del pene. Resultados: La ganancia media en longitud en el grupo de pacientes estudiados fue de 4.8cm en reposo, con un espectro de 2 hasta 8.1cm. En el engrosamiento, se alcanzó un incremento medio de 1.17 cm (mínimo de 0.5 y máximo de 1.8 cm). Conclusiones: La tasa de satisfacción de pacientes, de complicaciones y retoques en nuestro grupo de estudio nos hablan de una cirugía que mejora las técnicas previas, más invasivas y con mayor tasa de complicaciones. El apoyo psicológico y la ayuda profesional preoperatoria es imperativa, y se debe ofrecer especialmente en casos de dismorfofobia. El trabajo pre y postoperatorio es esencial en estos pacientes. Conseguir pacientes con expectativas reales es la primera barrera que debemos franquear. Solo cuando el paciente haya entendido la cirugía y sus resultados, debemos avanzar hacia ella. (AU)

Background and objective: Penis lengthening and thickening surgery is a technical challenge for the surgeon, since classical techniques have shown insufficient results for patients. Our objective is to present our experience in the develop of a a reproducible technique that avoids the use of extensors and the complications of fat infiltration. Methods: Retrospectiv análisis of 750 cases of primary penis enlargement and thickening performed with the NEF (No Extenders No Fat) technique, analyzing the surgical technique, its results and complications. This technique is based on the creation of a skin advancement flap, together with a Scarpa fascia flap and a nanofat infiltrated at the deep fascia of the penis. Results: Mean gain in length in the group of patients studied was 4.8 cm at rest with a spectrum from 2 to 8.1 cm. In thickening, the measurement reached an average increase of 1.17 cm (minimum of 0.5 and a maximum of 1.8 cm). Conclusions: Rates of patient satisfaction, complications and retouching in our group tell us about a surgery that improves previous more invasive techniques with a higher rate of complications. Psychological support and professional pre-surgery help is imperative and should be offered especially in those cases of dysmorphophobia. Pre and postoperative work is essential in these patients. Getting patients with real expectations is the first barrier we must overcome. Only when the patient has understood the surgery and its results, should we move towards it. (AU)

Our experience in the treatment of male stress urinary incontinence with the male Remeex system.

OBJECTIVES: We show our experience in the treatment of post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence with the male Remeex system (MRS). We also describe the elements of the system, its therapeutic indications, technical implantation and appropriate adjustment. METHODS: From March 2007 to January 2009 five male patients aged 57 to 71 years (mean age 66 years) with postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence were operated on to insert a suburethral readjustable sling (Remeex). All patients had severe urinary incontinence with deterioration of their quality of life. The evolution period ranged from 2 to 10 years with an average of 3.5 years, requiring from 5 to 8 pads a day. RESULTS: All patients are continent after a mean follow up of 15.4 months (range 6-28 months). Only two of them use one security pad when they perform physical efforts. The Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (7) scores before surgery and 6 months after diminished from 68+/-7 to 10+/-3. All patients are very satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: MRS is a valid therapeutic option for post-prostatectomy incontinence, being a reproducible technique, of easy execution, that allows readjustment through a suprapubic incision under local anesthesia as an outpatient procedure. It has a low complication rate with excellent and endured results.

Nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo masculina mediante cabestrillo suburetral regulable tipo Remeex / Our experience in the treatment of male stress urinary incontinence with the male remeex system

OBJETIVO: Poner de manifiesto nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo postprostatectomía con el sistema Remeex masculino (SRM). Asimismo, describimos los elementos que componen dicho sistema, sus indicaciones terapéuticas, técnica de implantación y su adecuado ajuste.MÉTODO: Desde marzo de 2007 hasta enero de 2009 hemos intervenido a cinco varones afectos de incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo postprostatectomía con edades comprendidas entre 57 y 71 años (media 66 años), mediante la colocación de una malla suburetral de tensión regulable tipo Remeex. Todos ellos presentaban una incontinencia urinaria severa con gran afectación de su calidad de vida y de un tiempo de evolución entre 2 y 10 años (media 3,5 años), precisando todos ellos entre 5 y 8 compresas diarias.RESULTADOS: Todos los pacientes se mantienen secos en un tiempo de seguimiento medio de 15,4 meses (rango 6-28 meses), precisando ocasionalmente 2 de ellos compresa de seguridad si realizan ejercicio intenso. La puntuación del Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ 7) realizado antes de la intervención y a los 6 meses después, pasa de 68 ± 7 puntos a 10 ± 3, siendo el grado de satisfacción muy elevado.CONCLUSIONES: El SRM constituye una opción terapéutica válida para la incontinencia postprostatectomía, siendo una técnica reproducible, de fácil ejecución, que permite su reajuste mediante una pequeña incisión suprapúbica bajo anestesia local y en régimen ambulatorio estricto, con una baja tasa de complicaciones proporcionando unos resultados excelentes y duraderos(AU)

OBJECTIVES: We show our experience in the treatment of post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence with the male Remeex system (MRS). We also describe the elements of the system, its therapeutic indications, technical implantation and appropriate adjustment.METHODS: From March 2007 to January 2009 five male patients aged 57 to 71 years (mean age 66 years) with post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence were operated on to insert a suburethral readjustable sling (Remeex). All patients had severe urinary incontinence with deterioration of their quality of life. The evolution period ran-ged from 2 to 10 years with an average of 3.5 years, requiring from 5 to 8 pads a day.RESULTS: All patients are continent after a mean follow up of 15.4 months (range 6-28 months). Only two of them use one security pad when they perform physical efforts. The Incontinen-ce Impact Questionnaire (7) scores befo-re surgery and 6 months after diminished from 68±7 to 10±3. All patients are very satisfied.CONCLUSIONS: MRS is a valid therapeutic option for post-prostatectomy incontinence, being a reproducible technique, of easy execution, that allows readjustment through a suprapubic incision under local anesthesia as an outpatient procedure. It has a low complication rate with excellent and endured results(AU)

La resección transuretral de próstata bajo anestesia local y sedación es segura y bien tolerada / Transurethral resection of the prostate under local anesthesia-sedation

El actual envejecimiento de la población comporta un incremento del número de varones afectados de hiperplasia benigna de próstata (HBP) con diversas enfermedades asociadas que limitan su tratamiento quirúrgico. Por otra parte, la creación de nuevas unidades de cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) en España es un hecho imparable, pues cada vez es mayor el número de servicios de urología que se integran en este sistema organizativo de la asistencia quirúrgica. Con este estudio pretendemos poner de manifiesto la eficacia y seguridad del empleo de anestesia local y sedación para el tratamiento endoscópico de la HBP en pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico-anestésico, así como en pacientes seleccionados susceptibles de ser intervenidos en régimen ambulatorio. Consideramos que tanto la incisión transuretral de próstata como la resección transuretral de próstata realizadas bajo anestesia local y sedación son métodos seguros, eficaces y bien tolerados, los cuales, aunque puedan emplearse en pacientes muy seleccionados en régimen de CMA, están fundamentalmente indicados en pacientes años os y cuando el riesgo quirúrgico- anestésico es elevado, ya que pueden ser realizados como cirugía de estadía breve.

La resección transuretral de próstata bajo anestesia local y sedación es segura y bien tolerada / Transurethral resection of the prostate under local anesthesia-sedation

El actual envejecimiento de la población comporta un incremento del número de varones afectados de hiperplasia benigna de próstata (HBP) con diversas enfermedades asociadas que limitan su tratamiento quirúrgico. Por otra parte, la creación de nuevas unidades de cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) en España es un hecho imparable, pues cada vez es mayor el número de servicios de urología que se integran en este sistema organizativo de la asistencia quirúrgica. Con este estudio pretendemos poner de manifiesto la eficacia y seguridad del empleo de anestesia local y sedación para el tratamiento endoscópico de la HBP en pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico-anestésico, así como en pacientes seleccionados susceptibles de ser intervenidos en régimen ambulatorio. Consideramos que tanto la incisión transuretral de próstata como la resección transuretral de próstata realizadas bajo anestesia local y sedación son métodos seguros, eficaces y bien tolerados, los cuales, aunque puedan emplearse en pacientes muy seleccionados en régimen de CMA, están fundamentalmente indicados en pacientes años os y cuando el riesgo quirúrgico- anestésico es elevado, ya que pueden ser realizados como cirugía de estadía breve.(AU)

[Urinary lithiasis secondary to medication in HIV+ patients receiving Indinavir]. / Litiasis medicamentosa en pacientes VIH+ en tratamiento con Indinavir.

OBJECTIVES: Therapy with protease inhibitors is commonly used in patients infected by human inmunodeficency virus (HIV). 20% of the administered dose is excreted by the kidney, and when alkaline urine is present, indinavir may crystallize forming stones and patients may experience renal colic due to this fact. METHODS: Between January 1998 and June 2005, 26 patients receiving antiretroviral treatment with protease inhibitors received care at our hospital because of renal colic or flank pain. All of them underwent physical examination, echography and urography as well as blood and urine analysis. Patients were treated ambulatory excepting those in whom oral analgesics were insufficient to control the pain. RESULTS: All patients had been treated with indinavir for longer than 12 months. They represented 4% of all patients treated with the recommended dose of Crivixan. Most of them presented flank pain, associated in most cases to microhaematuria. Five of them required hospitalization because of persistent pain in spite of endovenous analgesia. Imaging tests (echography and urography) showed functional delay of the kidney (2 cases), ureteral stasis (4 cases) and little lithiasic concretions of mild radiologic density (5 cases). Urinalysis revealed suggestive christaluria and alkaline pH. All patients required hidratation and analgesic treatment. In 3 patients indinavir dose was reduced, it was retired in another one, and 100 mg of rito-navir were added in another one. Unsuccesfuly ureteral cateterization was tried in one patient. All of them presented symptomatic improvement. CONCLUSIONS: We ought to know the capability of indinavir to form urolithiasis in HIV patients treated with protease inhibitors, although its use is decreasing along time. Prevalence of urolithiasis in these patients seems to be higher as length of treatment becomes longer. Metabolic alterations in urine have been proved in these patients, contributing to a higher incidence of lithiasis than in general population.

Litiasis medicamentosa en pacientes Vih+ eb tratamietno con Indinavir / Urinary lithiasis secondary to medication in HIV+patients receiving Indinavir

Objetivo: Los antirretrovirales inhibidores de la proteasa (IP) son fármacos utilizados en el tratamiento de pacientes afectos por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Un 20% de la dosis administrada se excreta por el riñón, que en presencia de orina alcalina puede precipitar formando cristales del propio fármaco susceptibles de provocar crisis renoureterales. Métodos: Entre enero del 1998 y junio de 2005 hemos atendido en nuestro centro a 26 pacientes con síntomas de urolitiasis y bajo el tratamiento con antirretrovirales IP. Todos ellos fueron sometidos a exploración física minuciosa, ecografía renoureteral y vesical, urografía intravenosa. Así mismo, se realizó análisis de sangre y anormales y sedimento de orina. Los pacientes fueron tratados ambulatoriamente, salvo aquellos en los que la analgesia con AINEs no fue suficiente para el control del cuadro álgico. Resultados: Todos los pacientes llevaban más de 12 meses de tratamiento con Indinavir. Los 26 pacientes con síntomas de nefrolitiasis representaban un 4% de los sujetos tratados con la dosis recomendada de Crivixan®. La mayoría presentaron dolor en fosa renal casi siempre asociado a microhematuria. De ellos, cinco pacientes requirieron ingreso en nuestra unidad por clínica no controlable de forma ambulatoria. Las pruebas diagnósticas (ecografía y/o UIV) revelaron retraso funcional del riñón (2 casos), ectasia de vía (8 casos) y pequeñas concreciones litiásicas de escasa o nula densidad cálcica (5 casos). El análisis urinario mostró cristaluria sugestiva y un pH alcalino. Todos requirieron tratamiento analgésico e hidratación. En tres casos se redujo la dosis de indinavir, en otro se retiró la medicación y en otro se añadieron 100 mgr de ritonavir. En un caso se intento cateterismo ureteral infructuosamente. La evolución fue satisfactoria en todos ellos. Conclusiones: Es preciso conocer la posibilidad de litiasis medicamentosa en pacientes HIV tratados con IP, si bien, afortunadamente, cada vez se emplean menos. La prevalencia de urolitiasis en los VIH + parece más elevada en función del tiempo de tratamiento con indinavir. Se han observado alteraciones metabólicas en la orina de estos pacientes que contribuyen a una mayor incidencia de litiasis que en la población general (AU)

Objectives: Therapy with protease inhibitors is commonly used in patients infected by human inmunodeficency virus (HIV). 20% of the administered dose is excreted by the kidney, and when alkaline urine is present , indinavir may crystallize forming stones and patients may experience renal colic due to this fact. Methods: Between January 1998 and June 2005, 26 patients receiving antiretroviral treatment with protease inhibitors received care at our hospital because of renal colic or flank pain. All of them underwent physical examination, echography and urography as well as blood and urine analysis. Patients were treated ambulatory excepting those in whom oral analgesics were insufficient to control the pain. Results: All patients had been treated with indinavir for longer than 12 months. They represented 4% of all patients treated with the recommended dose of Crivixan ®. Most of them presented flank pain, associated in most cases to microhaematuria. Five of them required hospitalization because of persistent pain in spite of endovenous analgesia. Imaging tests (echography and urography) showed functional delay of the kidney (2 cases), ureteral stasis (4 cases) and little lithiasic concretions of mild radiologic density (5 cases). Urinalysis revealed suggestive christaluria and alkaline pH. All patients required hidratation and analgesic treatment. In 3 patients indinavir dose was reduced, it was retired in another one, and 100mg of rito-navir were added in another one. Unsuccesfuly ureteral cateterization was tried in one patient. All of them presen-ted symptomatic improvement. Conclusions: We ought to know the capability of indinavir to form urolithiasis in HIV patients treated with protease inhibitors, although its use is decreasing along time. Prevalence of urolithiasis in these patients seems to be higher as length of treatment becomes longer. Metabolic alterations in urine have been proved in these patients, contributing to a higher incidence of lithiasis than in general population (AU)

[Greenlight KTP-laser photovaporization. Initial experience in a public hospital]. / Fotovaporización prostática con láser verde-KTP. Experiencia inicial en un hospital público.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the fact that transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) continues being the gold standard for the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the good results obtained with the use of new energy sources have led to their use in daily practice. METHODS: Between September 2005 and January 2007, we have treated 63 patients with KTP laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) in our service. Preoperatively we asked for IPSS, performed physical exam, digital rectal exam, abdominal , renal, bladder and prostatic ultrasound measuring postvoid residual volume, as well as flowmetry and PSA determination. Patients were revised after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, undergoing uroflowmetry, IPSS, ultrasound and PSA; a satisfaction survey was also fulfilled at this interviews. RESULTS: Mean age was 67 years (range 58-85) and mean preoperative prostatic volume was 48cc (range 34-67), mean preoperative IPSS was 17.7 and mean maximum flow 8.1 mL/s. 12 patients presented post void residual volume larger than 100 mL. Most patients presented medium or high anaesthetic risk. Mean operative time was 64 minutes (range 45-95). In most cases we used just one fibre, and mean energy released was 175,000 Joules (range 85,000-24,000). Mean hospital stay was 32.2 hours (range 19-55). In postoperative revisions we could state a significant decrease of IPSS, improvement in maximum flow, and also good or very good satisfaction degree in about 80% of the patients. Only 3 of them presented hematuria that needed to be attended by the urologist, none of them needed transfusion. One patient was admitted for severe urinary infection and eight patients referred irritative low urinary tract symptoms in their first postoperative checkup. CONCLUSIONS: KTP laser PVP is a safe, reproducible technique with optimal short and middle term outcomes, which should be considered as the first choice surgical treatment in elderly patients, patients with chronic anaemic diseases or anticoagulated, and patients with high anaesthesic or surgical risk.

La Meatoplastia dorsal para el tratamiento de la estenosis de meato en pacientes con balanitis xerótica obliterante / Dorsal meatoplasty for the treatment of meatal stenosis in patients with balanitis xerotica obliterans

OBJETIVO: Poner de manifiesto nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la estenosis de meato secundaria a balanitis xerótica obliterante mediante la técnica de meatoplastia dorsal. MÉTODOS: Hemos realizado meatoplastia dorsal a 15 pacientes afectos de estenosis de meato balánico secundaria a liquen escleroso y atrófico. Todos los casos fueron intervenidos bajo anestesia local realizando plastia mediante incisión en V invertida según la técnica original de Malone. RESULTADOS: En todos los pacientes intervenidos se objetivó una mejoría flujométrica así como un excelente resultado estético y escasa incidencia de micción dispersa, existiendo un elevado índice de satisfacción evaluado mediante la realización de un cuestionario. CONCLUSIONES: La meatoplastia dorsal con incisión en V invertida es una técnica de fácil ejecución, que permite ser realizada bajo anestesia local, evita la aparición de hipospadias postoperatorio y proporciona excelentes resultados estéticos y funcionales con un bajo índice de recidivas, por lo que consideramos que debe de incluirse en la cartera de procedimientos habituales del urólogo (AU)

OBJECTIVES: To present our experience in the treatment of meatal stenosis secondary to balanitis xerotica obliterans with the dorsal meatoplasty technique. METHODS: We have performed dorsal meatoplasty in 15 patients suffering stenosis of the penile meatus secondary to balanitis xerotica obliterans. All cases were performed under local anesthesia, using an inverted V incision plasty following the original of technique from Malone. RESULTS: All patients showed an improvement in uroflowmetry as well as an excellent aesthetic result, with low incidence of scattered urinary stream; there was a high satisfaction index evaluated by a questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Dorsal meatoplasty with inverted V incision is an easy-to-perform technique, which may be done under local anesthesia, avoids the development of post-operative hypospadias, and achieves excellent aesthetic and functional results with a low recurrence rate; therefore, we consider it should be included in the list of frequently performed procedures of the urologist (AU)

Foto vaporización prostática con láser verde-KTP. Experiencia inicial en un hospital público / Greenlignt KTP-laser photovaporization. Initial experience in a public hospital

Objetivo: A pesar de que la Resección Transuretral de Próstata (RTUP) continúa siendo el patrón de referencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la Hiperplasia Benigna de Próstata (HBP), los buenos resultados obtenidos con el uso de nuevas fuentes de energía han asentado su uso en nuestra práctica diaria. Métodos: Entre septiembre del 2005 y enero del 2007 hemos tratado a 63 pacientes mediante fotovaporización prostática con láser KTP en nuestro servicio. En la visita preoperatoria se realizó IPSS, examen físico y tacto rectal así como ecografía renovesical y prostática con medición del residuo postmiccional, flujometría y determinación del PSA. Posteriormente los pacientes fueron revisados al mes, y a los 3, 6 y 12 meses donde se les realizó flujometría, IPSS, ecografía, PSA y se les invitó a contestar a una encuesta de satisfacción sobre el procedimiento. Resultados: La media de edad de los pacientes fue de 67 años (rango 58-85) y el volumen prostático medio preoperatorio de 48cc, (rango 34-67) presentaron niveles medio preoperatorio de IPSS de 17,7 y flujo máximo (Qmax) medio de 8,1 mL/s. 12 pacientes presentaban volúmenes residuales postmiccionales por encima de los 100 mL. La mayoría de pacientes era de medio o elevado riesgo quirúrgico anestésico. El tiempo medio quirúrgico fue de 64 minutos, (rango 45-95) usando en la mayoría de los casos una sola fibra por procedimiento, con una media de energía liberada de 175.000 Julios (rango 85.000-240.000). La estancia hospitalaria media fue de 32,2 horas (rango 19-55). En las revisiones postoperatorias se pudo constatar una disminución significativa del IPSS y una mejoría del flujo máximo medio, así como una satisfacción global con el procedimiento buena o muy buena en cerca del 80% de los pacientes. Tan solo 3 pacientes presentaron hematuria que requiera alguna medida adicional, no precisando ninguno de ellos hemotransfusión. Un paciente reingresó por infección urinaria febril y 8 pacientes refirieron disuria en grado leve o moderado en la primera visita postoperatoria. Conclusiones: La fotovaporización prostática con láser KTP es una técnica segura, reproducible y con buenos resultados a corto y medio plazo, que podría ser considerada de elección para pacientes afectos de HBP de elevado riesgo quirúrgico anestésico, añosos, con anemia crónica, o en tratamiento con antiagregantes o anticoagulantes (AU)

Objectives: Despite the fact that transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) continues being the gold standard for the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the good results obtained with the use of new energy sources have led to their use in daily practice. Methods: Between September 2005 and January 2007, we have treated 63 patients with KTP laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) in our service. Preoperatively we asked for IPSS, performed physical exam, digital rectal exam, abdominal , renal, bladder and prostatic ultrasound measuring postvoid residual volume, as well as flowmetry and PSA determination. Patients were revised after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, undergoing uroflowmetry, IPSS, ultrasound and PSA; a satisfaction survey was also fulfilled at this interviews. Results: Mean age was 67 years (range 58-85) and mean preoperative prostatic volume was 48cc (range 34-67 ), mean preoperative IPSS was 17.7 and mean maximum flow 8.1 mL/s. 12 patients presented post void residual volume larger than 100mL. Most patients presented medium or high anaesthetic risk. Mean operative time was 64 minutes (range 45-95). In most cases we used just one fibre, and mean energy released was 175.000 Joules (range 85.000-24.000). Mean hospital stay was 32.2 hours (range 19-55). In postoperative revisions we could state a significant decrease of IPSS , improvement in maximum flow, and also good or very good satisfaction degree in about 80% of the patients. Only 3 of them presented hematuria that needed to be attended by the urologist, none of them needed transfusion. One patient was admitted for severe urinary infection and eight patients referred irritative low urinary tract symptoms in their first postoperative checkup. Conclusions: KTP laser PVP is a safe, reproducible technique with optimal short and middle term outcomes, which should be considered as the first choice surgical treatment in elderly patients, patients with chronic anaemic diseases or anticoagulated, and patients with high anaesthesic or surgical risk (AU(

[The use of renal ultrasound for adult acute pyelonephritis]. / Uso de la ecografía en la pielonefritis aguda del adulto.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the need to perform renal ultrasound (US) in adult patients with acute pyelonephritis (APN). METHODS: A Review of the bibliography in the data bases PubMed and Cochrane Collaboration about the use of the ultrasonography in the evaluation and diagnosis of APN. RESULTS: Thirty-seven papers were found, but only 5 fulfilled the requirements for analysis. Four hundred and sixty three patients diagnosed of APN were revised, 449 (977) of whom got US. Between 171 ultrasonographic findings, only in 52 (11.5%) cases US findings changed initial diagnosis to complicated APN that could lead to surgery. CONCLUSION: The low incidence of ultrasonographic findings does not justify the practice of renal US to every patient with APN. In patients with persistent fever longer than 72 hours, antecedents of anomalies of the urinary tract, antecedents of renal lithiasis, pregnancy, atypical clinic or diabetes mellitus, there is a higher incidence of pathological US findings that justify a change in the therapeutic approach. Further prospective clinical studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.

[Inguinoscrotal bladder hernias]. / Hernias Vesicales inguinoescrotales.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the high incidence of inguinal hernias. In the general population, only a small percentage of them involve the bladder. Bladder wall weakness and bladder outlet obstruction are involved in its pathogenesis. We present our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease. METHODS: A total of eight patients have been diagnosed of inguinoscrotal bladder hernia and treated in our center over the last 18 years. In most cases, retrograde and voiding cystourethrograms, prostatic and bladder ultrasound, and uroflowmetry have been performed. The treatment varied depending on the characteristics of the herniated bladder tissues and bladder capacity. The treatment of bladder outlet obstruction varied depending on the etiology. RESULTS: Two patients presented at the emergency room of our centre, the others were diagnosed at the outpatient clinics of our department. Resection of the herniated bladder tissue was carried out in four patients due to the quality of the tissue; bladder-pexy to the abdominis rectus muscles was performed in one patient; hernia repair with bladder reintroduction was the treatment in the other four cases. Bladder outlet obstruction was treated in six cases. Seven patients showed clinical improvement, showing normal bladder morphology on post operative cystogram. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder hernia is a rare pathology often presenting in mid age males. It should be suspected in every male with lower urinary tract obstructive symptoms and associated inguinal hernia. Retrograde and voiding cystourethrogram are the radiological diagnostic tests of choice to evaluate this disease. The treatment of choice is that of the hernia and bladder outlet obstruction.

Uso de la ecografía en la pielonefritis aguda del adulto / The use of renal ultrasound for adult acute pyelonephritis

Objetivo: Evaluar la necesidad de la realización de una ecografía en los pacientes adultos afectos de una pielonefritis aguda (PNA). Métodos: Revisión de la bibliografía existente en las bases de datos PubMed y Cochrane Collaborattion sobre el uso de la ecografía para valoración y diagnóstico de PNA. Resultados: Se encontraron 37 textos de los cuales únicamente cumplían requisitos para su análisis 5. En total se analizaron 463 pacientes de los cuales a 449 (97%) se le realizó una ecografía por el diagnóstico de PNA. De los 171 hallazgos ecográficos, únicamente en 52 (11.5%) cambiaba el diagnóstico a PNA complicada con posibilidad de tratamiento quirúrgico. Conclusion: La baja incidencia de hallazgos ecográficos no justifica su realización a todo paciente con PNA. En los pacientes con fiebre persistente más de 72 horas (h), antecedentes de anomalías de la vía urinaria, antecedentes de litiasis renal, gestación, clínica atípica o diabetes mellitus, existe una mayor incidencia de hallazgos patológicos en la ecografía que justifiquen un cambio de actitud terapéutica. Hacen falta estudios bien diseñados para confirmar estas conclusiones (AU)

Objectives: To evaluate the need to perform renal ultrasound (US) in adult patients with acute pyelonephritis (APN). Methods: A Review of the bibliography in the data bases PubMed and Cochrane Collaboration about the use of the ultrasonography in the evaluation and diagnosis of APN. Results: Thirty-seven papers were found, but only 5 fulfilled the requirements for analysis. Four hundred and sixty three patients diagnosed of APN were revised, 449 (97%) of whom got US. Between 171 ultrasonographic findings, only in 52 (11.5%) cases US findings changed initial diagnosis to complicated APN that could lead to surgery. Conclusion: The low incidence of ultrasonographic findings does not justify the practice of renal US to every patient with APN. In patients with persistent fever longer than 72 hours, antecedents of anomalies of the urinary tract, antecedents of renal lithiasis, pregnancy, atypical clinic or diabetes mellitus, there is a higher incidence of pathological US findings that justify a change in the therapeutic approach. Further prospective clinical studies are needed to confirm these conclusions (AU)

Hernias vesicales inguinoescrotales / Inguinoscrotal bladder hernias

Objetivo: A pesar de la elevada incidencia de hernia inguinal en la población general, tan solo un pequeño porcentaje de estas incluye una porción vesical. En su patogenia están implicadas, la debilidad de la pared abdominal y la obstrucción de salida del tracto urinario inferior. En este trabajo presentamos nuestra experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta infrecuente patología. Métodos: Un total de 8 pacientes han sido diagnosticados y tratados en nuestro centro, con el diagnóstico de hernia vesical inguinoescrotal en los últimos 18 años. Para alcanzar el diagnóstico se realizó uretrocistografía retrógrada y permiccional, ecografía renovesical y prostática y flujometría en la mayoría de los casos. El tratamiento realizado varió en función de las características del tejido vesical herniado y la capacidad vesical. En cuanto al tratamiento de la obstrucción infravesical, varió en función de la etiología de la misma. Resultados: Dos pacientes debutaron de forma aguda acudiendo al servicio de urgencias de nuestro centro, siendo el resto diagnósticados en las consultas externas de nuestro servicio. En 4 pacientes se realizó resección del tejido vesical herniado debido fundamentalmente a las características del mismo, realizando pexia vesical a los músculos rectos del abdomen en un caso y cura herniaria con reintroducción vesical en los cuatro restantes. En 6 pacientes se realizó tratamiento de la causa de obstrucción infravesical subyacente. Siete pacientes presentaron mejoría clínica, mostrando morfología vesical normal en la cistografía de control postoperatorio. Conclusiones: Le hernia vesical es una patología infrecuente que suele presentarse en varones de mediana edad. Ha de sospecharse en todo varón con sintomatología obstructiva del tracto urinario inferior y hernia inguinal asociada. La prueba de diagnóstico radiológico de elección para valorar esta patología es la cistografía retrógada y permiccional, y el tratamiento de elección es el propio de la hernia y el de la obstrucción infravesical (AU)

Objectives: Despite the high incidence of inguinal hernias. In the general population, only a small percentage of them involve the bladder. Bladder wall weakness and bladder outlet obstruction are involved in its pathogenesis. We present our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease. Methods: A total of eight patients have been diagnosed of inguinoscrotal bladder hernia and treated in our center over the last 18 years. In most cases, retrograde and voiding cystourethrograms, prostatic and bladder ultrasound, and uroflowmetry have been performed. The treatment varied depending on the characteristics of the herniated bladder tissues and bladder capacity. The treatment of bladder outlet obstruction varied depending on the etiology. Results: Two patients presented at the emergency room of our centre, the others were diagnosed at the outpatient clinics of our department. Resection of the herniated bladder tissue was carried out in four patients due to the quality of the tissue; bladder-pexy to the abdominis rectus muscles was performed in one patient; hernia repair with bladder reintroduction was the treatment in the other four cases. Bladder outlet obstruction was treated in six cases. Seven patients showed clinical improvement, showing normal bladder morphology on post operative cystogram. Conclusions: Bladder hernia is a rare pathology often presenting in mid age males. It should be suspected in every male with lower urinary tract obstructive symptoms and associated inguinal hernia. Retrograde and voiding cystourethrogram are the radiological diagnostic tests of choice to evaluate this disease. The treatment of choice is that of the hernia and bladder outlet obstruction (AU)

[Dorsal meatoplasty for the treatment of meatal stenosis in patients with balanitis xerotica obliterans]. / La meatoplastia dorsal para el tratamiento de la estenosis de meato en pacientes con balanitis xerótica obliterante.

OBJECTIVES: To present our experience in the treatment of meatal stenosis secondary to balanitis xerotica obliterans with the dorsal meatoplasty technique. METHODS: We have performed dorsal meatoplasty in 15 patients suffering stenosis of the penile meatus secondary to balanitis xerotica obliterans. All cases were performed under local anesthesia, using an inverted V incision plasty following the original of technique from Malone. RESULTS: All patients showed an improvement in uroflowmetry as well as an excellent aesthetic result, with low incidence of scattered urinary stream; there was a high satisfaction index evaluated by a questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Dorsal meatoplasty with inverted V incision is an easy-to-perform technique, which may be done under local anesthesia, avoids the development of post-operative hypospadias, and achieves excellent aesthetic and functional results with a low recurrence rate; therefore, we consider it should be included in the list of frequently performed procedures of the urologist.

[The usefulness of virtual endoscopy and CT urography in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract tumors]. / Utilidad de la endoscopia virtual y el Uro-Tc en el diagnóstico de tumores del tracto urinario superior.

OBJECTIVES: Upper urinary tract (UUT) tumors are a relatively low incidence pathology which often represents a diagnostic challenge for the urologist, because several imaging tests are usually necessary to achieve the final diagnosis. Over the last years CT scan has suffered a notable development and nowadays, with the arrival of new image processing hardware and software, it is possible to detect small urothelial lesions and to perform 3-D urinary tract reconstruction and virtual endoscopic navigation. METHODS: Between January 2004 and June 2005 we performed a total of 15 examinations in 15 patients for the study of asymptomatic hematuria of probable upper urinary tract origin. The technique included three phases to obtain images: basal phase, vascular phase and excretory phase. Processing and image analysis was performed by one radiologist. RESULTS: A total of 10 tumors were diagnosed, with pathological confirmation in all cases. We did not register any complication secondary to the technique, and all patients tolerated well the exam. CONCLUSIONS: The CT urography is a safe, well-tolerated, highly sensitive and efficient imaging test, very useful in the diagnosis of renal and UUT pathology. It may become the only imaging test performed in the study of asymptomatic hematuria and the test of choice for the study of urological tumoral pathology.

Utilidad de la endoscopia virtual y el uro-tc en el diagnóstico de tumores del tracto urinario superior / The usefulness of virtual endoscopy and CT urography in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract tumors

OBJETIVO: Los tumores del tracto urinario superior (TTUS) conforman una patología de incidencia relativamente baja que a menudo suponen un reto diagnóstico para el urólogo ya que, suelen ser necesarias varias pruebas de imagen para alcanzar el diagnóstico definitivo. En los últimos años la tomografía computerizada ha alcanzado un notable desarrollo, y gracias a la aparición de nuevo hardware y software de procesamiento de imágenes actualmente es posible detectar lesiones uroteliales de pequeño tamaño, así como realizar reconstrucciones tridimensionales del tracto urinario y navegación endoscópica virtual por el interior del mismo. MÉTODOS: Entre enero del 2004 y junio de 2005 hemos realizado un total de 15 exploraciones a 15 pacientes durante el estudio de hematuria asintomática de probable origen en el tracto urinario superior, todas ellas indicadas por el Servicio de Urología de nuestro hospital. La técnica incluyó tres fases en la adquisición de imágenes: fase basal, fase vascular y fase excretora. El procesado y análisis de las imágenes fue realizado por un solo radiólogo. RESULTADOS: Un total de 10 tumores fueron diagnosticados, obteniendo en todos los casos confirmación anatomopatológica. No registramos ninguna complicación derivada de la propia técnica, y todos los pacientes toleraron bien la exploración. CONCLUSIÓN: El Uro-TC es una prueba segura, bien tolerada, con una elevada sensibilidad y eficiencia, muy útil en el diagnóstico de la patología renal y del TUS, susceptible de ser utilizada en el futuro como única prueba de imagen radiológica en el estudio de hematuria asintomática y como prueba de elección en el estudio de patología tumoral urológica

OBJECTIVES: Upper urinary tract (UUT) tumors are a relatively low incidence pathology which often represents a diagnostic challenge for the urologist, because several imaging tests are usually necessary to achieve the final diagnosis. Over the last years CT scan has suffered a notable development and nowadays, with the arrival of new image processing hardware and software, it is possible to detect small urothelial lesions and to perform 3-D urinary tract reconstruction and virtual endoscopic navigation. performed a total of 15 examinations in 15 patients for the study of asymptomatic hematuria of probable upper urinary tract origin. The technique included three phases to obtain images: basal phase, vascular phase and excretory phase. Processing and image analysis was performed by one radiologist. RESULTS: A total of 10 tumors were diagnosed, with pathological confirmation in all cases. We did not register any complication secondary to the technique, and all patients tolerated well the exam. CONCLUSIONS: The CT urography is a safe, well- tolerated, highly sensitive and efficient imaging test, very useful in the diagnosis of renal and UUT pathology. It may become the only imaging test performed in the study of asymptomatic hematuria and the test of choice for the study of urological tumoral pathology

[Primary bladder neck obstruction in males]. / Obstrucción primaria del cuello vesical en el varon.

OBJECTIVES: To report our experience on the diagnosis and treatment of this rare type of infravesical functional obstruction. METHODS: Over the last ten years we diagnosed and treated 32 males with this entity. We evaluate previous treatments and time to diagnosis. Clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and urodynamic features are evaluated, as well as results obtained with the administration of alpha-adrenergic blockers and endoscopic transurethral incision of the bladder neck. RESULTS: Patient age ranged from 26 to 48 years (Mean 38.2). All patients presented significant long-lasting lower urinary tract symptoms, having received various non-specific treatments. Uroflowmetry showed a peak of mean flow of 9.8 +/- 3.2 cc/s, being the voiding detrusor pressure 98 +/- 25 cm H2O, with significant post void residual volume in 21 patients (188 +/- 62 cc). Medical treatment with alpha-adrenergic blockers only achieved significant subjective improvement in four patients. Twenty one patients underwent unilateral endoscopic bladder neck incision, obtaining objective and subjective improvements all of them. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic bladder neck incision is the treatment of choice of this dysfunction, being imperative to inform the patient of the risk of retrograde ejaculation as a postoperative sequel, since this entity appears in young males, for whom fertility may be a priority.

Obstrucción primaria del cuello vesical en el varón / Primary bladder nexk obstruction in males

OBJETIVO: Presentar nuestra experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta infrecuente modalidad de obstrucción funcional infravesical. MÉTODO: Durante los últimos 10 años hemos diagnosticado y tratado a 32 varones afectos de esta entidad. Se evalúan los diversos tratamientos previos recibidos así como el tiempo transcurrido hasta la realización del diagnóstico. Se valoran las manifestaciones clínicas, radiológicas, endoscópicas y urodinámicas así como los resultados obtenidos con la administración de bloqueadores alfa-adrenérgicos y con la incisión transuretral endoscópica del cuello vesical. RESULTADOS: La edad de los pacientes osciló entre 26 y 48 años (media 38,2). Todos ellos presentaban síntomas significativos del tacto urinario inferior de larga evolución, habiendo recibido diversos tratamientos inespecíficos. El estudio flujométrico evidenció un pico de flujo medio de 9,8 ± 3,2 cc/s, siendo la presión del detrusor durante el vaciado de 98 ± 25 cm H20, existiendo un residuo postmiccional significativo en 21 pacientes de 188 ± 62 cc. Con tratamiento médico mediante la administración de bloqueadores alfa-adrenérgicos únicamente obtuvimos mejorías subjetivas significativas en 4 pacientes. En 21 casos realizamos incisión unilateral endoscópica del cuello vesical, obteniendo mejorías objetivas y subjetivas en todos ellos. CONCLUSIONES: La incisión endoscópica del cuello vesical representa el tratamiento de elección de esta disfunción, siendo imperativo informar al paciente del riesgo de eyaculación retrógrada como secuela postoperatoria, ya que esta entidad ocurre en sujetos jóvenes, en los que la fertilidad puede ser una prioridad

OBJECTIVES: To report our experience on the diagnosis and treatment of this rare type of infravesical functional obstruction. METHODS: Over the last ten years we diagnosed and treated 32 males with this entity. We evaluate previous treatments and time to diagnosis. Clinical , radiological, endoscopic, and urodynamic features are evaluated, as well as results obtained with the administration of alpha-adrenergic blockers and endoscopic transurethral incision of the bladder neck. RESULTS: Patient age ranged from 26 to 48 years (Mean 38.2). All patients presented significant long-lasting lower urinary tract symptoms, having received various non-specific treatments. Uroflowmetry showed a peak of mean flow of 9.8+- 3.2 cc/s, being the voiding detrusor pressure 98+- 25 cm H2O, with significant post void residual volume in 21 patients (188+- 62 cc). Medical treatment with alpha-adrenergic blockers only achieved significant subjective improvement in four patients. Twenty one patients underwent unilateral endoscopic bladder neck incision, obtaining objective and subjective improvements all of them. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic bladder neck incision is the treatment of choice of this dysfunction, being imperative to inform the patient of the risk of retrograde ejaculation as a postoperative sequel, since this entity appears in young males, for whom fertility may be a priority

Acerca de la hidronefrosis sintomática en la gestante / Symptomatic hidronephrosis during pregnancy

OBJETIVO La hidronefrosis durante el embarazoes un fenómeno frecuente que afecta al 90% de las gestantes. Aunque habitualmente es asintomática,en un escaso porcentaje de pacientes se manifiesta clínicamente, precisando tratamiento. Con este estudio pretendemos poner de manifiesto nuestra experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la uropatía obstructivasintomática en la mujer embarazada.MÉTODOS: Evaluamos retrospectivamente los resultadosobtenidos en 162 gestantes afectas de hidronefrosissintomática atendidas en nuestro servicio durante los últimos doce años.RESULTADOS: El tratamiento conservador fue eficaz en la gran mayoría de las pacientes, precisándose en 39 de ellas medidas mas agresivas; así, en 35 casos se realizó colocación de catéter doble J, en 2 pacientes nefrostomía percutánea y en otras 2 se practicó extracciónureteroscópica de litiasis ureteral.CONCLUSIONES: La etiología mas frecuente de hidronefrosissintomática durante el embarazo la ha constituidola compresión por el útero grávido seguida de la litiasis ureteral. Consideramos de elección el tratamiento conservador, reservando el cateterismo con doble J o la nefrostomía percutánea para casos refractarios. La ureteroscopia constituye una nueva alternativa diagnósticay terapéutica cuando fallan otras medidas menos agresivas

OBJECTIVES: Hydronephrosis is common during pregnancy, affecting 90% of pregnant women. It is usually asymptomatic, but a small percentage of patients show clinical symptoms requiring treatment. We want to report our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic obstructive uropathy in pregnant women. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluate the results obtained in 162 pregnant women suffering symptomatic hydronephrosis who received care at our department over the last 12 years. RESULTS: Conservative treatment was effective in most patients, 39 patients required more aggressive therapy. Thirty-five patients underwent insertion of a double J catheter, 2 patients percutaneous nephrostomy, and another 2 ureteroscopy and extraction of ureteral lithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent etiology of symptomatic hydronephrosis during pregnancy is external compression by the gravid uterus, followed by ureteral lithiasis. We consider conservative treatment as the treatment of choice, leaving ureteral double J catheter insertion or percutaneous nephrostomy for the refractory cases. Ureteroscopy is a new diagnostic and therapeutic option when other less aggressive measures fail